{"id":289,"date":"2026-11-03T13:14:02","date_gmt":"2026-11-03T12:14:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/termometrwifi.com\/cs\/pruzinky-do-kolony\/"},"modified":"2026-11-07T20:47:31","modified_gmt":"2026-11-07T19:47:31","slug":"pruzinky-do-kolony","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/termometrwifi.com\/cs\/pruzinky-do-kolony\/","title":{"rendered":"Kolik pru\u017einek do kolony + doba oh\u0159evu - kalkula\u010dka"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Destila\u010dn\u00ed kolona je srdcem ka\u017ed\u00e9 dom\u00e1c\u00ed laborato\u0159e. Mnoho lid\u00ed si ale kolonu koup\u00ed a nev\u00ed, kolik pru\u017einek (t\u00e9 v\u00fdpln\u011b, kter\u00e1 vypad\u00e1 jako dr\u00e1t) vlastn\u011b pot\u0159ebuje. P\u0159\u00edli\u0161 m\u00e1lo pru\u017einek = slab\u00e1 rektifikace, p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho = pl\u00fdtv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se nau\u010d\u00edte spo\u010d\u00edtat objem kolony, p\u0159ev\u00e9st ho na po\u010det pru\u017einek a p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bt, jak dlouho bude trvat jej\u00ed oh\u0159ev na bod varu. Budeme pracovat se vzorci, ale v\u0161e vysv\u011btl\u00edme krok za krokem a nav\u00edc pou\u017eijeme kalkula\u010dku, abychom v\u00e1m u\u0161et\u0159ili \u010das.<\/p>\n<h2>Kolik pru\u017einek se vejde do m\u00e9 kolony?<\/h2>\n<p>Po\u010det pru\u017einek v kolon\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed na jej\u00edm <strong>vnit\u0159n\u00edm objemu<\/strong>. Kolona o pr\u016fm\u011bru 50 mm a v\u00fd\u0161ce 50 cm pot\u0159ebuje rozhodn\u011b v\u00edc pru\u017einek ne\u017e \u00fazk\u00e1 trubka 30 mm na 30 cm. Praktick\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee do jednoho litru objemu se vejde asi <strong>900-1000 pru\u017einek velikosti 6\u00d76 mm<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Je to empirick\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo, ov\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 dom\u00e1c\u00edmi destilat\u00e9ry. Pru\u017einky se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u011b, tak\u017ee v\u017edy z\u016fstane trochu vzduchu, ale empiricky je 900-1000 solidn\u00ed p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed. Pokud m\u00e1te men\u0161\u00ed pru\u017einky (3\u00d73 mm), po\u010det bude vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed (a\u017e 2000-2500 na litr). V\u011bt\u0161\u00edch pru\u017einek (10\u00d710 mm) se vejde m\u00e9n\u011b (asi 400-500 na litr).<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 kolonu zm\u011b\u0159it a spo\u010d\u00edtat jej\u00ed objem. Zabere to 5 minut a v\u00fdsledek v\u00e1m p\u0159esn\u011b \u0159ekne, kolik pru\u017einek koupit.<\/p>\n<h2>Jak spo\u010d\u00edtat objem v\u00fdpln\u011b kolony?<\/h2>\n<p>Destila\u010dn\u00ed kolona je nej\u010dast\u011bji v\u00e1lec (trubka). Objem v\u00e1lce se po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 podle vzorce:<\/p>\n<pre><code>V = \u03c0 \u00d7 (d\/2)\u00b2 \u00d7 h\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Kde:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V je objem v litrech (pokud jsou d a h v centimetrech, vyd\u011blte v\u00fdsledek 1000)<\/li>\n<li>d je vnit\u0159n\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br v centimetrech<\/li>\n<li>h je v\u00fd\u0161ka v\u00fdpln\u011b v centimetrech<\/li>\n<li>\u03c0 je 3,14159<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>P\u0159\u00edklad:<\/strong> Kolona o pr\u016fm\u011bru 50 mm (5 cm) a v\u00fd\u0161ce 50 cm.<\/p>\n<p>V = 3,14159 \u00d7 (5\/2)\u00b2 \u00d7 50<br \/>\nV = 3,14159 \u00d7 6,25 \u00d7 50<br \/>\nV = 981,75 cm\u00b3 = <strong>0,98 litru<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Zaokrouhleme na 1 litr. P\u0159i 900 pru\u017eink\u00e1ch na litr se do va\u0161\u00ed kolony vejde p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b <strong>900 pru\u017einek<\/strong> velikosti 6\u00d76 mm.<\/p>\n<p>Snadn\u00e9? Snadn\u00e9. Pokud ale nem\u00e1te po ruce metr, na\u0161e <strong>kalkula\u010dka<\/strong> to ud\u011bl\u00e1 za v\u00e1s. Zad\u00e1te pr\u016fm\u011br a v\u00fd\u0161ku a ona v\u00e1m hned \u0159ekne objem pro pru\u017einky.<\/p>\n<h2>Jak velikost pru\u017einek ovliv\u0148uje rektifikaci?<\/h2>\n<p>Pru\u017einky jsou takzvan\u00e1 prizmatick\u00e1 v\u00fdpl\u0148. Jejich \u00fakolem je maximalizovat kontaktn\u00ed plochu mezi alkoholov\u00fdmi parami a kapalinou, kter\u00e1 na jejich st\u011bn\u00e1ch kondenzuje. V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kontaktn\u00ed plocha = \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed rektifikace.<\/p>\n<p>Men\u0161\u00ed pru\u017einky (3\u00d73 mm) maj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed kontaktn\u00ed plochu, ale v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed odpor proud\u011bn\u00ed. Destil\u00e1t te\u010de pomaleji, proces je \u0161etrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a \u00fa\u010dinnost rektifikace vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. H\u00e1\u010dek? Mohou se zhutnit p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 a pr\u016fchod par \u00fapln\u011b zablokovat.<\/p>\n<p>V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pru\u017einky (10\u00d710 mm) propou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed p\u00e1ry rychleji, s men\u0161\u00edm odporem, ale s men\u0161\u00edm kontaktem povrchu. Rektifikace je slab\u0161\u00ed, ale kolona reaguje \u201epohotov\u011b\u201c - rychle dos\u00e1hne rovnov\u00e1hy a rychlost destilace se sn\u00e1z \u0159\u00edd\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Pro dom\u00e1c\u00ed destilaci je <strong>6\u00d76 mm zlat\u00e1 st\u0159edn\u00ed cesta<\/strong>: dobr\u00fd kompromis mezi \u00fa\u010dinnost\u00ed a praktick\u00fdm pr\u016ftokem. Je to velikost, kterou doporu\u010duj\u00ed zku\u0161en\u00ed destilat\u00e9\u0159i.<\/p>\n<h2>Jak dlouho trv\u00e1 oh\u0159ev obsahu kotle, tedy \u010das do bodu varu?<\/h2>\n<p>Oh\u0159ev obsahu kotle je prvn\u00ed f\u00e1ze, ne\u017e za\u010dne destilace. Jak dlouho trv\u00e1? Z\u00e1vis\u00ed na t\u0159ech v\u011bcech: <strong>objemu kapaliny v kotli<\/strong>, <strong>rozd\u00edlu teplot<\/strong> a <strong>v\u00fdkonu topn\u00e9ho t\u011blesa<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Teoretick\u00fd vzorec je:<\/p>\n<pre><code>\u010das [h] = (V [litry] \u00d7 \u0394T [\u00b0C] \u00d7 1,163) \/ P [W]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Kde:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V je objem kapaliny v kotli v litrech<\/li>\n<li>\u0394T je rozd\u00edl teplot (nap\u0159. z 20 \u00b0C na 80 \u00b0C = 60 \u00b0C)<\/li>\n<li>1,163 je konstanta (tepeln\u00e1 kapacita alkoholu a vody)<\/li>\n<li>P je v\u00fdkon topn\u00e9ho t\u011blesa ve wattech<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Praktick\u00fd probl\u00e9m:<\/strong> Ve skute\u010dnosti to v\u017edy trv\u00e1 d\u00e9le, ne\u017e \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 vzorec, proto\u017ee vznikaj\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty. Kolona, trubky, chladi\u010d, okol\u00ed - v\u0161e pohlt\u00ed trochu energie. V praxi <strong>k v\u00fdsledku p\u0159idejte 20-30 % \u010dasu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2>P\u0159\u00edklad v\u00fdpo\u010dtu: kolona \u00d850 mm, 30 litr\u016f v kotli<\/h2>\n<p>Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159: m\u00e1te kolonu o pr\u016fm\u011bru 50 mm a v\u00fd\u0161ce 50 cm. Do kotle nalijete 30 litr\u016f kapaliny o teplot\u011b 20 \u00b0C. Topn\u00e9 t\u011bleso m\u00e1 v\u00fdkon 2000 W. Chcete oh\u0159\u00e1t na 80 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Krok 1: Objem kolony<\/strong><br \/>\nV = 3,14159 \u00d7 2,5\u00b2 \u00d7 50 = 981,75 cm\u00b3 \u2248 1 litr<\/p>\n<p><strong>Krok 2: Doba oh\u0159evu obsahu kotle<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V = 30 litr\u016f<\/li>\n<li>\u0394T = 80 \u2212 20 = 60 \u00b0C<\/li>\n<li>P = 2000 W<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u010cas = (30 \u00d7 60 \u00d7 1,163) \/ 2000<br \/>\n\u010cas = 2092,8 \/ 2000 = <strong>1,046 hodiny \u2248 63 minut<\/strong> (teoreticky)<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159id\u00e1me v\u0161ak 25 % na ztr\u00e1ty: 63 \u00d7 1,25 = <strong>79 minut<\/strong> (t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 1,5 hodiny)<\/p>\n<p>V praxi se obvykle \u010dek\u00e1 asi <strong>1,5-2 hodiny<\/strong>, ne\u017e se kolona pln\u011b proh\u0159eje a v trase odb\u011bru se objev\u00ed prvn\u00ed kapka destil\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Z\u00e1v\u011br:<\/strong> Oh\u0159ev je nuda, ale nutn\u00e1 sou\u010d\u00e1st procesu. Pokud ho chcete zrychlit, mus\u00edte koupit v\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed topn\u00e9 t\u011bleso (3000-4000 W), co\u017e ale znamen\u00e1 i n\u00e1kup regul\u00e1toru v\u00fdkonu. Tady p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed na \u0159adu dob\u0159e spo\u010d\u00edtan\u00fd v\u00fdkon - t\u00e9ma pro dal\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek.<\/p>\n<h2>Vyplat\u00ed se investovat do drah\u00e9 izolace kolony?<\/h2>\n<p>Ano, ale s v\u00fdhradami. Dobr\u00e1 tepeln\u00e1 izolace (nap\u0159\u00edklad skeln\u00e1 vata, polyuretanov\u00e1 p\u011bna) sni\u017euje tepeln\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty o 15-25 %. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee rychleji dos\u00e1hnete teploty varu a m\u00e9n\u011b energie promrh\u00e1te.<\/p>\n<p>Ve sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159i z p\u0159edchoz\u00edho p\u0159\u00edkladu by s dob\u0159e izolovanou kolonou m\u00edsto 79 minut mohlo sta\u010dit asi 65-70 minut. Je to \u00faspora \u010dasu, ale je i finan\u010dn\u00ed? Izolace stoj\u00ed 50&nbsp;&#122;&#322; (\u2248 277 K\u010d)-150&nbsp;&#122;&#322; (\u2248 831 K\u010d) a u\u0161et\u0159\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e1 10&nbsp;&#122;&#322; (\u2248 55 K\u010d)-15&nbsp;&#122;&#322; (\u2248 83 K\u010d) na n\u00e1kladech za energii ro\u010dn\u011b (pokud destilujete pravideln\u011b). Z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska se vyplat\u00ed, ale nen\u00ed to nal\u00e9hav\u00e1 nutnost.<\/p>\n<p>Prakti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed? P\u0159ed destilac\u00ed kolonu p\u0159ikryjte dekou nebo p\u0159ikr\u00fdvkou. Zdarma tak omez\u00edte konvekci a pr\u016fvan, kter\u00e9 odv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed teplo. Efekt je docela znateln\u00fd.<\/p>\n<h2>\u010cast\u00e9 chyby p\u0159i navrhov\u00e1n\u00ed kolony<\/h2>\n<h3>P\u0159\u00edli\u0161 m\u00e1lo pru\u017einek<\/h3>\n<p>N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee u\u0161et\u0159\u00ed materi\u00e1l, a napln\u00ed kolonu jen nap\u016fl. V\u00fdsledkem je slab\u00e1 rektifikace a \u0161patn\u00e9 d\u011blen\u00ed na frakce. Kolona mus\u00ed b\u00fdt napln\u011bna hust\u011b, a\u017e na hranici pr\u016fchodu par.<\/p>\n<h3>M\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed velikost\u00ed pru\u017einek bez d\u016fvodu<\/h3>\n<p>Kdy\u017e do jedn\u00e9 kolony d\u00e1te 3\u00d73 mm dol\u016f a 10\u00d710 mm nahoru, vytvo\u0159\u00edte nestejnorod\u00e9 z\u00f3ny proud\u011bn\u00ed. P\u00e1ry se budou na rozhran\u00ed \u201ehledat\u201c - s nep\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkem. Dr\u017ete se jedn\u00e9 velikosti.<\/p>\n<h3>Podce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed doby oh\u0159evu<\/h3>\n<p>Mnoho lid\u00ed nev\u00ed, \u017ee oh\u0159ev trv\u00e1 dlouho. Postav\u00ed si kolonu v 10 hodin r\u00e1no a \u010dekaj\u00ed, \u017ee destil\u00e1t budou j\u00edmat p\u0159ed ob\u011bdem. Ve skute\u010dnosti to tak nefunguje. Pl\u00e1n destilace by m\u011bl po\u010d\u00edtat s 1,5-2 hodinami jen na oh\u0159ev.<\/p>\n<h3>Chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed teplom\u011br v kolon\u011b<\/h3>\n<p>Bez teplotn\u00edho \u010didla nev\u00edte, zda kolona opravdu dos\u00e1hla teploty varu, nebo si to jen mysl\u00edte. \u010casov\u00fd odhad nesta\u010d\u00ed. Teplom\u011br (zejm\u00e9na WiFi s alarmem) je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zm\u011bna.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin><link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Bitter:wght@500;600;700&family=Source+Sans+3:wght@400;600;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"><div class=\"twf-calc\" id=\"dest-calc\" data-only=\"sprezynki,rozgrzew\"><header class=\"tc-head\"><span class=\"tc-eyebrow\">Destilace<\/span><h2 class=\"tc-title\">Kalkula\u010dka destilace<\/h2><p class=\"tc-lead\">Kvas, v\u00fdt\u011b\u017enost, \u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed, korekce lihom\u011bru, cukern\u00e9 stupnice, v\u00fdkon kolony a topn\u00e9ho t\u011blesa, n\u00e1klady - 16 lihovarnick\u00fdch p\u0159epo\u010dt\u016f na jednom m\u00edst\u011b. Zad\u00e1te sv\u00e9 \u00fadaje a v\u00fdsledek se po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b.<\/p><\/header>  <div class=\"tc-tabs\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Kategorie kalkula\u010dek\"><\/div>\n  <div class=\"tc-subnav\" id=\"dc-subnav\" role=\"tablist\" aria-label=\"Vyberte kalkula\u010dku\"><\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"tc-grid\">\n    <div class=\"tc-panel\">\n      <div class=\"tc-panel__cap\" id=\"dc-cap\">Va\u0161e \u00fadaje<\/div>\n      <div id=\"dc-fields\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"tc-formula\" id=\"dc-formula\"><\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"tc-results\" id=\"dc-results\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <p class=\"tc-foot\">\u26a0\ufe0f Orienta\u010dn\u00ed hodnoty (vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed). V\u00fdsledky z\u00e1vis\u00ed na \u010distot\u011b suroviny, \u00fa\u010dinnosti za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch - berte je jako v\u00fdchoz\u00ed bod, ne normu.<\/p>\n  <p class=\"tc-foot\">Destilace alkoholu je v mnoha zem\u00edch regulov\u00e1na nebo vy\u017eaduje povolen\u00ed. P\u0159ed pou\u017eit\u00edm si ov\u011b\u0159te p\u0159edpisy platn\u00e9 ve va\u0161\u00ed zemi.<\/p>\n  <a class=\"tc-cta\" data-twf-cta=\"kalk-destylacji\" href=\"https:\/\/termometrwifi.com\/cs\/produkt\/wifi-teplomer-equinox-t4-pro-destilaci\/\">WiFi teplom\u011br pro destilaci - EQUINOX T-4 \u2192<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<script>\n(function () {\n  var root = document.getElementById('dest-calc');\n  if (!root) return;\n  var $ = function (s, c) { return (c || root).querySelector(s); };\n  var $$ = function (s, c) { return Array.prototype.slice.call((c || root).querySelectorAll(s)); };\n  var T = {\"uwaga\":\"Pozor\",\"wskazowka\":\"Tip\",\"blg\":\"\u00b0Blg\",\"obj_konc\":\"Kone\u010dn\u00fd objem\",\"cukier\":\"Cukr\",\"woda\":\"Voda\",\"spirytus\":\"L\u00edh\",\"ilosc_cukru\":\"Mno\u017estv\u00ed cukru\",\"szac_alk\":\"Odhadovan\u00fd alkohol\",\"moc_grzalki\":\"V\u00fdkon topn\u00e9ho t\u011blesa\",\"czas_rozgrz\":\"Doba oh\u0159evu\",\"zuzyta\":\"Spot\u0159ebovan\u00e1 energie\",\"cena_energii\":\"Cena energie\",\"poprawka\":\"Korekce\",\"sg\":\"Relativn\u00ed hustota (SG)\",\"blg_name\":\"Cukernatost (\u00b0Blg)\",\"blg_formula\":\"\\u003Cb\\u003E\u00b0Blg = cukr \\\/ (cukr + voda) \u00d7 100\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E. Odhadovan\u00fd alkohol \u2248 \u00b0Blg \u00d7 0,58.\",\"ilosc_wody\":\"Mno\u017estv\u00ed vody\",\"stez_nast\":\"Cukernatost kvasu\",\"stez_nast_t\":\"cukr {1} kg na {2} kg roztoku\",\"obj_nast\":\"Objem kvasu\",\"po_ferm\":\"orienta\u010dn\u011b po \u00fapln\u00e9m prokva\u0161en\u00ed\",\"nastaw_name\":\"Pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed kvasu\",\"nastaw_formula\":\"\\u003Cb\\u003Ecukr = objem \u00d7 \u00b0Blg \\\/ 100\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E (s korekc\u00ed hustoty), voda = objem \u2212 objem cukru.\",\"obj_doc\":\"C\u00edlov\u00fd objem\",\"stez_doc\":\"C\u00edlov\u00e1 koncentrace\",\"drozdze_turbo\":\"Kvasinky (turbo)\",\"drozdze_t\":\"nebo podle obalu v\u00fdrobce\",\"wyd_name\":\"V\u00fdt\u011b\u017enost (kolik z cukru)\",\"wyd_formula\":\"\\u003Cb\\u003E\u010dist\u00fd alkohol = cukr \u00d7 0,648 l\\\/kg \u00d7 \u00fa\u010dinnost\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E. Stechiometrie kva\u0161en\u00ed: 1 kg sachar\u00f3zy \u2192 max. 0,511 kg = 0,648 l 100% etanolu. Destil\u00e1t = \u010dist\u00fd alkohol \\\/ s\u00edla.\",\"cukier_nast\":\"Cukr v kvasu\",\"sprawnosc\":\"\u00da\u010dinnost (kva\u0161en\u00ed + destilace)\",\"moc_dest\":\"S\u00edla destil\u00e1tu\",\"moc_dest_blad\":\"S\u00edla destil\u00e1tu mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e nula.\",\"destylat\":\"Destil\u00e1t {1} %\",\"destylat_t\":\"p\u0159i \u00fa\u010dinnosti {1} % (obvykle 75-90 %)\",\"czysty\":\"\u010cist\u00fd alkohol (100 %)\",\"teoria\":\"Teoretick\u00e9 maximum\",\"teoria_t\":\"100% etanolu - v praxi nedosa\u017eiteln\u00e9\",\"rozc_name\":\"\u0158ed\u011bn\u00ed vodou\",\"rozc_formula\":\"Po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1no p\u0159es hmotnost etanolu podle alkoholometrick\u00fdch tabulek OIML (20 \u00b0C) - \\u003Cb\\u003Es kontrakc\u00ed\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E. Kone\u010dn\u00fd objem = alkohol \u00d7 koncentrace \\\/ c\u00edl. Jednoduch\u00fd vzorec \u201evoda = alkohol \u00d7 (koncentrace - c\u00edl) \\\/ c\u00edl\u201c d\u00e1v\u00e1 m\u00e1lo vody.\",\"ilosc_alk\":\"Mno\u017estv\u00ed alkoholu\",\"stez_akt\":\"Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed koncentrace\",\"rozc_blad\":\"C\u00edlov\u00e1 koncentrace mus\u00ed b\u00fdt \\u003E 0 a ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed.\",\"woda_dol\":\"Voda k dolit\u00ed\",\"woda_dol_t\":\"s kontrakc\u00ed; jednoduch\u00fd vzorec by dal {1} ml\",\"mierz_t\":\"s\u00edlu m\u011b\u0159te po vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed na cca 20 \u00b0C\",\"miesz_name\":\"M\u00edch\u00e1n\u00ed 2 alkohol\u016f\",\"miesz_formula\":\"S\u00edla a objem po\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9 p\u0159es hmotnost etanolu podle tabulek OIML (20 \u00b0C) - s kontrakc\u00ed. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b \\u003Cb\\u003Es\u00edla \u2248 (V\u2081\u00d7%\u2081 + V\u2082\u00d7%\u2082) \\\/ (V\u2081 + V\u2082)\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E.\",\"a1_obj\":\"Alkohol 1 - objem\",\"a1_stez\":\"Alkohol 1 - koncentrace\",\"a2_obj\":\"Alkohol 2 - objem\",\"a2_stez\":\"Alkohol 2 - koncentrace\",\"wypadkowe\":\"V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 koncentrace\",\"obj_miesz\":\"Objem sm\u011bsi\",\"wodka_name\":\"P\u0159\u00edprava vodky\",\"wodka_formula\":\"\\u003Cb\\u003El\u00edh = objem \u00d7 c\u00edl \\\/ % lihu\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E; vodu po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me p\u0159es hmotnost podle tabulek OIML (20 \u00b0C) - s kontrakc\u00ed, proto je j\u00ed v\u00edc ne\u017e \u201eobjem - l\u00edh\u201c.\",\"stez_spir\":\"Koncentrace lihu\",\"wodka_blad\":\"Koncentrace lihu mus\u00ed b\u00fdt \u2265 c\u00edlov\u00e9.\",\"wodka_woda_t\":\"s kontrakc\u00ed - celkem vyjde {1} ml\",\"wodka_wsk_t\":\"lijte l\u00edh do vody, s\u00edlu m\u011b\u0159te p\u0159i cca 20 \u00b0C\",\"grz_formula\":\"\\u003Cb\\u003EP = U\u00b2 \\\/ R\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E (Ohm\u016fv z\u00e1kon). Proud I = U \\\/ R.\",\"napiecie\":\"Nap\u011bt\u00ed\",\"opor\":\"Odpor topn\u00e9ho t\u011blesa\",\"moc_grzania\":\"Topn\u00fd v\u00fdkon\",\"pobor\":\"Odb\u011br proudu\",\"pobor_t\":\"ov\u011b\u0159te, zda to obvod a jisti\u010d vydr\u017e\u00ed\",\"kol_name\":\"Pracovn\u00ed v\u00fdkon kolony\",\"kol_formula\":\"\\u003Cb\\u003Evnit\u0159n\u00ed \u00d8 = vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00d8 \u2212 2\u00d7st\u011bna\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E, pr\u016f\u0159ez = \u03c0\u00d7(\u00d8\\\/2)\u00b2, mez zahlcen\u00ed = pr\u016f\u0159ez \u00d7 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed, pracovn\u00ed v\u00fdkon = mez \u00d7 0,85.\",\"sr_zewn\":\"Vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br\",\"scianka\":\"Tlou\u0161\u0165ka st\u011bny\",\"obciazenie\":\"Zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed\",\"sugerowana\":\"Doporu\u010den\u00fd pracovn\u00ed v\u00fdkon\",\"sugerowana_t\":\"85 % meze zahlcen\u00ed - bezpe\u010dn\u00e1 rezerva\",\"prog\":\"Mez zahlcen\u00ed\",\"przekroj\":\"Pr\u016f\u0159ez kolony\",\"sr_wewn_t\":\"vnit\u0159n\u00ed \u00d8 {1} mm\",\"wyp_name\":\"Objem v\u00fdpln\u011b\",\"wyp_formula\":\"\\u003Cb\\u003Eobjem = \u03c0\u00d7(\u00d8\\\/2)\u00b2\u00d7v\u00fd\u0161ka\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E. Vnit\u0159n\u00ed objem kolony k napln\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdpln\u00ed.\",\"sr_wewn\":\"Vnit\u0159n\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br\",\"wys_wyp\":\"V\u00fd\u0161ka v\u00fdpln\u011b\",\"wyp_t\":\"vnit\u0159n\u00ed objem kolony v tomto \u00faseku\",\"rozgrz_formula\":\"\\u003Cb\\u003E\u010das [h] = objem \u00d7 \u0394T \u00d7 1,163 \\\/ v\u00fdkon [W]\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E. 1,163 Wh oh\u0159eje 1 l vody o 1 \u00b0C.\",\"obj_cieczy\":\"Objem kapaliny\",\"temp_pocz\":\"Po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed teplota\",\"temp_doc\":\"C\u00edlov\u00e1 teplota\",\"przew_czas\":\"P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fd \u010das\",\"rozgrz_t\":\"p\u0159i 100% \u00fa\u010dinnosti - re\u00e1ln\u011b o 10-20 % d\u00e9le (tepeln\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty)\",\"ant_name\":\"Bod varu a tlak\",\"ant_formula\":\"Antoineova rovnice (etanol): \\u003Cb\\u003ET = 1642,89 \\\/ (8,20417 \u2212 log\u2081\u2080 P) \u2212 230,3\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E (P v mmHg). 1013 hPa \u2192 78,3 \u00b0C.\",\"cisnienie\":\"Atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd tlak\",\"temp_wrz\":\"Bod varu etanolu\",\"odchylenie\":\"Odchylka od norm\u00e1lu\",\"odchylenie_t\":\"v\u016f\u010di 78,3 \u00b0C p\u0159i 1013 hPa\",\"kp_name\":\"N\u00e1klady procesu (energie)\",\"kp_formula\":\"\\u003Cb\\u003Eenergie = (P\u2092\u00d7t\u2092 + P\u209a\u00d7t\u209a) \\\/ 1000\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E, n\u00e1klady = energie \u00d7 cena kWh.\",\"moc_rozgrz\":\"V\u00fdkon p\u0159i oh\u0159evu\",\"moc_proc\":\"V\u00fdkon procesu\",\"czas_proc\":\"Doba procesu\",\"koszt_en\":\"N\u00e1klady na energii\",\"kw_name\":\"V\u00fdrobn\u00ed n\u00e1klady\",\"kw_formula\":\"\\u003Cb\\u003En\u00e1klady = cukr\u00d7cena + kvasinky + elekt\u0159ina\u00d7cena kWh\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E, n\u00e1klady\\\/l = n\u00e1klady \\\/ objem produktu.\",\"cena_cukru\":\"Cena cukru\",\"koszt_drozdzy\":\"Cena kvasinek\",\"zuzycie_pradu\":\"Spot\u0159eba elekt\u0159iny\",\"produkt\":\"Hotov\u00fd produkt\",\"koszt_l\":\"N\u00e1klady na litr\",\"koszt_l_t\":\"produkt: {1} l\",\"koszt_calk\":\"Celkov\u00e9 n\u00e1klady\",\"kor_name\":\"Korekce lihom\u011bru\",\"kor_formula\":\"Lihom\u011br je kalibrov\u00e1n p\u0159i \\u003Cb\\u003E20 \u00b0C\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E. Kalkula\u010dka po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 skute\u010dnou s\u00edlu z \u00fapln\u00e9ho polynomu hustoty etanol-voda podle \\u003Cb\\u003Ealkoholometrick\u00fdch tabulek OIML\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E - ne z p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed.\",\"odczyt_alk\":\"\u00dadaj lihom\u011bru\",\"proc_obj\":\"% obj.\",\"temp_cieczy\":\"Teplota kapaliny\",\"kor_blad\":\"\u00dadaj 0-100 % a teplota v rozsahu tabulek (\u221220\u202640 \u00b0C).\",\"moc_rzecz\":\"Skute\u010dn\u00e1 s\u00edla (p\u0159i 20 \u00b0C)\",\"odczyt_t\":\"\u00fadaj {1} % p\u0159i {2} \u00b0C\",\"pp\":\"p. b.\",\"cieplejsza\":\"kapalina teplej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 20 \u00b0C - lihom\u011br ukazuje v\u00edc\",\"zimniejsza\":\"kapalina chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 20 \u00b0C - lihom\u011br ukazuje m\u00e9n\u011b\",\"wzorcowa\":\"kalibra\u010dn\u00ed teplota - bez korekce\",\"bt_name\":\"Korekce cukrom\u011bru (Blg)\",\"bt_formula\":\"Cukrom\u011br je tak\u00e9 kalibrov\u00e1n p\u0159i \\u003Cb\\u003E20 \u00b0C\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E. Korekce podle hydrometrick\u00e9ho vzorce ASBC (relativn\u00ed hustota SG \u2194 \u00b0Plato\\\/\u00b0Blg).\",\"odczyt_cukr\":\"\u00dadaj cukrom\u011bru\",\"temp_probki\":\"Teplota vzorku\",\"temp_wzorc\":\"Kalibra\u010dn\u00ed teplota\",\"bt_blad\":\"Teplota vzorku v rozsahu 0-60 \u00b0C.\",\"skoryg\":\"Korigovan\u00e1 cukernatost\",\"odczyt_blg_t\":\"\u00fadaj {1} \u00b0Blg p\u0159i {2} \u00b0C\",\"z_odczytu\":\"z \u00fadaje: {1}\",\"sk_name\":\"Stupnice: Blg \\\/ Brix \\\/ Oechsle\",\"sk_formula\":\"\\u003Cb\\u003E\u00b0Blg \u2248 \u00b0Plato \u2248 \u00b0Brix\\u003C\\\/b\\u003E - v\u0161echny t\u0159i jsou hmotnostn\u00ed procento cukru (rozd\u00edly \\u003C0,05\u00b0). D\u00e1le: SG = 1 + P\\\/(258,6 \u2212 0,87962\u00b7P); \u00b0Oe = (SG\u22121)\u00d71000; \u00b0KMW ze vzorce Babo (\u00b0Oe = (0,022\u00b7KMW + 4,54)\u00b7KMW); \u00b0NM ze vztahu \u00b0Oe = 3,845\u00b7\u00b0NM + 10,8; \u00b0B\u00e9 = 145 \u2212 145\\\/SG.\",\"stez_cukru\":\"Cukernatost\",\"blg_brix\":\"\u00b0Blg \\\/ \u00b0Brix\",\"sk_blad\":\"Zadejte hodnotu v rozsahu 0-40 \u00b0Blg.\",\"sk_brix_t\":\"Blg, Plato a Brix jsou v praxi stejn\u00e1 stupnice - hmotnostn\u00ed procento cukru\",\"sk_oe_t\":\"vina\u0159stv\u00ed: N\u011bmecko, \u0160v\u00fdcarsko, Lucembursko\",\"sk_kmw_t\":\"Rakousko, Ma\u010farsko, Slovensko, It\u00e1lie (Babo)\",\"sk_nm_t\":\"\u010cesko a Slovensko - kg cukru na 100 l mo\u0161tu\",\"sk_be_t\":\"Francie, \u0160pan\u011blsko, Austr\u00e1lie\",\"tab_nastaw\":\"Kvas\",\"tab_rozc\":\"\u0158ed\u011bn\u00ed\",\"tab_pomiar\":\"M\u011b\u0159en\u00ed a korekce\",\"tab_kolumna\":\"Kolona a v\u00fdkon\",\"tab_koszty\":\"N\u00e1klady\"};   \/\/ napisy w j\u0119zyku witryny (PHP, domena twf)\n  var W = {\"waluta\":\"z\u0142\",\"kwh\":1,\"cukier\":3.5,\"drozdze\":15};   \/\/ waluta witryny i domy\u015blne ceny w niej\n  var tt = function (s) { var a = arguments; return s.replace(\/\\{(\\d)\\}\/g, function (m, i) { return a[i]; }); };\n  var jezyk = document.documentElement.lang || 'pl-PL';\n  var fmt = function (n, d) {\n    if (n === null || n === undefined || !isFinite(n)) return '-';\n    return (Math.round(n * Math.pow(10, d)) \/ Math.pow(10, d)).toLocaleString(jezyk, { maximumFractionDigits: d });\n  };\n  var hm = function (th) {\n    if (!isFinite(th) || th < 0) return '-';\n    var h = Math.floor(th), m = Math.round((th - h) * 60);\n    if (m === 60) { h += 1; m = 0; }\n    return h > 0 ? (h + ' h ' + (m < 10 ? '0' + m : m) + ' min') : (m + ' min');\n  };\n  var log10 = function (x) { return Math.log(x) \/ Math.LN10; };\n\n  \/\/ \u2500\u2500 G\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 mieszaniny etanol-woda: wielomian OIML R22 (Dz.U. 2003 nr 38 poz. 331, za\u0142. 1) \u2500\u2500\n  \/\/ q = u\u0142amek masowy etanolu (0..1), t = temperatura [\u00b0C]. Wynik w kg\/m\u00b3.\n  var OIML_A = [998.20123, -192.9769495, 389.1238958, -1668.103923, 13522.15441, -88292.78388,\n    306287.4042, -613838.1234, 747017.2998, -547846.1354, 223446.0334, -39032.85426];\n  var OIML_B = [-2.0618513e-1, -5.2682542e-3, 3.6130013e-5, -3.8957702e-7, 7.1693540e-9, -9.9739231e-11];\n  var OIML_C = [\n    [1.693443461530087e-1, -1.046914743455169e1, 7.196353469546523e1, -7.047478054272792e2, 3.924090430035045e3,\n     -1.210164659068747e4, 2.248646550400788e4, -2.605562982188164e4, 1.852373922069467e4, -7.420201433430137e3, 1.285617841998974e3],\n    [-1.193013005057010e-2, 2.517399633803461e-1, -2.170575700536993, 1.353034988843029e1, -5.029988758547014e1,\n     1.096355666577570e2, -1.422753946421155e2, 1.080435942856230e2, -4.414153236817392e1, 7.442971530188783],\n    [-6.802995733503803e-4, 1.876837790289664e-2, -2.002561813734156e-1, 1.022992966719220, -2.895696483903638,\n     4.810060584300675, -4.672147440794683, 2.458043105903461, -5.411227621436812e-1],\n    [4.075376675622027e-6, -8.763058573471110e-6],\n    [6.515031360099368e-6, -1.515784836987210e-6]\n  ];\n  function etRho(q, t) {\n    var r = 0, k, i;\n    for (k = 0; k < 12; k++) r += OIML_A[k] * Math.pow(q, k);\n    var dt = t - 20;\n    for (k = 0; k < 6; k++) r += OIML_B[k] * Math.pow(dt, k + 1);\n    for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) for (k = 0; k < OIML_C[i].length; k++) r += OIML_C[i][k] * Math.pow(q, k + 1) * Math.pow(dt, i + 1);\n    return r;\n  }\n  var ET_RHO20 = etRho(1, 20); \/\/ ~789.24\n  function abvFromQ(q) { return q * etRho(q, 20) \/ ET_RHO20 * 100; }\n  function qFromAbv(abv) {\n    var lo = 0, hi = 1, m, i;\n    for (i = 0; i < 60; i++) { m = (lo + hi) \/ 2; if (abvFromQ(m) < abv) lo = m; else hi = m; }\n    return (lo + hi) \/ 2;\n  }\n  \/\/ \u2500\u2500 Rozcie\u0144czanie z kontrakcj\u0105: liczymy przez MAS\u0118 etanolu (tablice OIML, 20 \u00b0C), nie przez proste\n  \/\/ proporcje obj\u0119to\u015bci. 1 l spirytusu 95% \u2192 40% potrzebuje ok. 1443 ml wody (wz\u00f3r szkolny: 1375 ml \u2192 ~41%).\n  var WODA_RHO20 = OIML_A[0]; \/\/ g\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 wody w 20 \u00b0C [kg\/m\u00b3 = g\/l]\n  function roztwor(ml, abv) { \/\/ {m: masa roztworu [g], e: masa etanolu [g]}\n    var q = qFromAbv(abv), m = ml * etRho(q, 20) \/ 1000;\n    return { m: m, e: m * q };\n  }\n  function mlZMasy(g, abv) { return g \/ (etRho(qFromAbv(abv), 20) \/ 1000); }\n  function qFromRhoAtT(target, t) {\n    var lo = 0, hi = 1, m, i; \/\/ g\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 maleje z q\n    for (i = 0; i < 60; i++) { m = (lo + hi) \/ 2; if (etRho(m, t) > target) lo = m; else hi = m; }\n    return (lo + hi) \/ 2;\n  }\n  \/\/ Korekta hydrometru piwowarskiego\/cukromierza (wz\u00f3r ASBC, T w \u00b0F)\n  function hydroF(tF) { return 1.00130346 - 1.34722124e-4 * tF + 2.04052596e-6 * tF * tF - 2.32820948e-9 * tF * tF * tF; }\n  function c2f(c) { return c * 9 \/ 5 + 32; }\n  function sgFromPlato(p) { return 1 + p \/ (258.6 - 0.87962 * p); }\n  function platoFromSg(sg) { return -616.868 + 1111.14 * sg - 630.272 * sg * sg + 135.997 * sg * sg * sg; }\n\n  \/\/ \u2500\u2500 Definicje 16 kalkulator\u00f3w \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n  var CALCS = {\n    blg: {\n      tab: 'nastaw', name: T.blg_name,\n      formula: T.blg_formula,\n      fields: [\n        { id: 'cukier', label: T.ilosc_cukru, unit: 'kg', val: 6, step: 0.1 },\n        { id: 'woda', label: T.ilosc_wody, unit: 'l', val: 25, step: 0.5 }\n      ],\n      compute: function (v) {\n        var total = v.cukier + v.woda;           \/\/ woda 1 l \u2248 1 kg\n        var blg = total > 0 ? v.cukier \/ total * 100 : 0;\n        var obj = v.woda + v.cukier * 0.625;      \/\/ cukier zajmuje ~0,625 l\/kg\n        var alk = blg * 0.58;\n        return [\n          { k: 'hero', cap: T.stez_nast, num: fmt(blg, 1) + ' ' + T.blg, sub: tt(T.stez_nast_t, fmt(v.cukier, 1), fmt(total, 1)) },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.obj_nast, num: fmt(obj, 1) + ' l' },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.szac_alk, num: '~' + fmt(alk, 1) + ' %', sub: T.po_ferm }\n        ];\n      }\n    },\n    nastaw: {\n      tab: 'nastaw', name: T.nastaw_name,\n      formula: T.nastaw_formula,\n      fields: [\n        { id: 'obj', label: T.obj_doc, unit: 'l', val: 30, step: 1 },\n        { id: 'blg', label: T.stez_doc, unit: T.blg, val: 20, step: 0.5 }\n      ],\n      compute: function (v) {\n        var rho = 1 + 0.004 * v.blg;               \/\/ przybli\u017cona g\u0119sto\u015b\u0107 roztworu cukru\n        var cukier = v.obj * v.blg \/ 100 * rho;    \/\/ kg\n        var woda = v.obj - cukier * 0.625;         \/\/ l\n        var drozdze = v.obj \/ 25 * 120;            \/\/ g dro\u017cd\u017cy turbo (~120 g \/ 25 l)\n        var alk = v.blg * 0.58;\n        return [\n          { k: 'hero', cap: T.cukier, num: fmt(cukier, 2) + ' kg' },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.woda, num: fmt(woda, 1) + ' l' },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.drozdze_turbo, num: '~' + fmt(drozdze, 0) + ' g', sub: T.drozdze_t },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.szac_alk, num: '~' + fmt(alk, 1) + ' %' }\n        ];\n      }\n    },\n    wydajnosc: {\n      tab: 'nastaw', name: T.wyd_name,\n      formula: T.wyd_formula,\n      fields: [\n        { id: 'cukier', label: T.cukier_nast, unit: 'kg', val: 6, step: 0.5 },\n        { id: 'spr', label: T.sprawnosc, unit: '%', val: 85, step: 1 },\n        { id: 'moc', label: T.moc_dest, unit: '%', val: 50, step: 1 }\n      ],\n      compute: function (v) {\n        if (v.moc <= 0) {\n          return [{ k: 'plain', cap: T.uwaga, num: '-', sub: T.moc_dest_blad }];\n        }\n        var teoria = v.cukier * 0.648;\n        var czysty = teoria * Math.min(v.spr, 100) \/ 100;\n        var dest = czysty \/ (v.moc \/ 100);\n        return [\n          { k: 'hero', cap: tt(T.destylat, fmt(v.moc, 0)), num: fmt(dest, 2) + ' l', sub: tt(T.destylat_t, fmt(v.spr, 0)) },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.czysty, num: fmt(czysty, 2) + ' l' },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.teoria, num: fmt(teoria, 2) + ' l', sub: T.teoria_t }\n        ];\n      }\n    },\n    rozcien: {\n      tab: 'rozc', name: T.rozc_name,\n      formula: T.rozc_formula,\n      fields: [\n        { id: 'alk', label: T.ilosc_alk, unit: 'ml', val: 1000, step: 10 },\n        { id: 'cur', label: T.stez_akt, unit: '%', val: 70, step: 0.5 },\n        { id: 'tar', label: T.stez_doc, unit: '%', val: 40, step: 0.5 }\n      ],\n      compute: function (v) {\n        if (v.tar <= 0 || v.tar > v.cur) {\n          return [{ k: 'plain', cap: T.uwaga, num: '-', sub: T.rozc_blad }];\n        }\n        var r = roztwor(v.alk, v.cur);\n        var mCel = r.e \/ qFromAbv(v.tar);             \/\/ masa gotowego roztworu o docelowej mocy\n        var woda = (mCel - r.m) \/ (WODA_RHO20 \/ 1000); \/\/ brakuj\u0105ca masa = woda\n        var kon = v.alk * v.cur \/ v.tar;\n        var prosty = v.alk * (v.cur - v.tar) \/ v.tar;\n        return [\n          { k: 'hero', cap: T.woda_dol, num: fmt(woda, 0) + ' ml', sub: tt(T.woda_dol_t, fmt(prosty, 0)) },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.obj_konc, num: fmt(kon, 0) + ' ml', sub: T.mierz_t }\n        ];\n      }\n    },\n    miesz: {\n      tab: 'rozc', name: T.miesz_name,\n      formula: T.miesz_formula,\n      fields: [\n        { id: 'v1', label: T.a1_obj, unit: 'ml', val: 500, step: 10 },\n        { id: 'p1', label: T.a1_stez, unit: '%', val: 70, step: 0.5 },\n        { id: 'v2', label: T.a2_obj, unit: 'ml', val: 500, step: 10 },\n        { id: 'p2', label: T.a2_stez, unit: '%', val: 40, step: 0.5 }\n      ],\n      compute: function (v) {\n        var a = roztwor(v.v1, v.p1), b = roztwor(v.v2, v.p2);\n        var m = a.m + b.m;\n        var moc = m > 0 ? abvFromQ((a.e + b.e) \/ m) : 0;\n        var vol = m > 0 ? mlZMasy(m, moc) : 0;\n        return [\n          { k: 'hero', cap: T.wypadkowe, num: fmt(moc, 1) + ' %' },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.obj_miesz, num: fmt(vol, 0) + ' ml' }\n        ];\n      }\n    },\n    wodka: {\n      tab: 'rozc', name: T.wodka_name,\n      formula: T.wodka_formula,\n      fields: [\n        { id: 'obj', label: T.obj_doc, unit: 'ml', val: 500, step: 10 },\n        { id: 'tar', label: T.stez_doc, unit: '%', val: 40, step: 0.5 },\n        { id: 'spir', label: T.stez_spir, unit: '%', val: 95, step: 0.5 }\n      ],\n      compute: function (v) {\n        if (v.spir <= 0 || v.tar > v.spir) {\n          return [{ k: 'plain', cap: T.uwaga, num: '-', sub: T.wodka_blad }];\n        }\n        var spirytus = v.obj * v.tar \/ v.spir;\n        var gotowy = roztwor(v.obj, v.tar).m;          \/\/ masa gotowej w\u00f3dki\n        var woda = (gotowy - roztwor(spirytus, v.spir).m) \/ (WODA_RHO20 \/ 1000);\n        return [\n          { k: 'hero', cap: T.spirytus, num: fmt(spirytus, 0) + ' ml' },\n          { k: 'blue', cap: T.woda, num: fmt(woda, 0) + ' ml', sub: tt(T.wodka_woda_t, fmt(v.obj, 0)) },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.wskazowka, num: fmt(v.tar, 0) + ' %', sub: T.wodka_wsk_t }\n        ];\n      }\n    },\n    grzalka: {\n      tab: 'kolumna', name: T.moc_grzalki,\n      formula: T.grz_formula,\n      fields: [\n        { id: 'u', label: T.napiecie, unit: 'V', val: 230, step: 1 },\n        { id: 'r', label: T.opor, unit: '\u03a9', val: 26, step: 0.5 }\n      ],\n      compute: function (v) {\n        var p = v.r > 0 ? v.u * v.u \/ v.r : 0;\n        var i = v.r > 0 ? v.u \/ v.r : 0;\n        return [\n          { k: 'hero', cap: T.moc_grzania, num: fmt(p, 0) + ' W' },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.pobor, num: fmt(i, 1) + ' A', sub: T.pobor_t }\n        ];\n      }\n    },\n    kolumna: {\n      tab: 'kolumna', name: T.kol_name,\n      formula: T.kol_formula,\n      fields: [\n        { id: 'dz', label: T.sr_zewn, unit: 'mm', val: 51, step: 1 },\n        { id: 'g', label: T.scianka, unit: 'mm', val: 1.5, step: 0.1 },\n        { id: 'obc', label: T.obciazenie, unit: 'W\/cm\u00b2', val: 110, step: 5 }\n      ],\n      compute: function (v) {\n        var dw = v.dz - 2 * v.g;                       \/\/ mm\n        var pole = Math.PI * Math.pow((dw \/ 10) \/ 2, 2); \/\/ cm\u00b2\n        var prog = pole * v.obc;                        \/\/ W\n        var sug = prog * 0.85;                          \/\/ W\n        return [\n          { k: 'hero', cap: T.sugerowana, num: fmt(sug, 0) + ' W', sub: T.sugerowana_t },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.prog, num: fmt(prog, 0) + ' W' },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.przekroj, num: fmt(pole, 1) + ' cm\u00b2', sub: tt(T.sr_wewn_t, fmt(dw, 1)) }\n        ];\n      }\n    },\n    sprezynki: {\n      tab: 'kolumna', name: T.wyp_name,\n      formula: T.wyp_formula,\n      fields: [\n        { id: 'dw', label: T.sr_wewn, unit: 'mm', val: 50, step: 1 },\n        { id: 'h', label: T.wys_wyp, unit: 'cm', val: 50, step: 1 }\n      ],\n      compute: function (v) {\n        var pole = Math.PI * Math.pow((v.dw \/ 10) \/ 2, 2); \/\/ cm\u00b2\n        var vol = pole * v.h \/ 1000;                       \/\/ l\n        return [\n          { k: 'hero', cap: T.wyp_name, num: fmt(vol, 2) + ' l', sub: T.wyp_t }\n        ];\n      }\n    },\n    rozgrzew: {\n      tab: 'kolumna', name: T.czas_rozgrz,\n      formula: T.rozgrz_formula,\n      fields: [\n        { id: 'p', label: T.moc_grzalki, unit: 'W', val: 2000, step: 100 },\n        { id: 'vol', label: T.obj_cieczy, unit: 'l', val: 30, step: 1 },\n        { id: 't0', label: T.temp_pocz, unit: '\u00b0C', val: 20, step: 1 },\n        { id: 't1', label: T.temp_doc, unit: '\u00b0C', val: 90, step: 1 }\n      ],\n      compute: function (v) {\n        var dT = v.t1 - v.t0;\n        var wh = v.vol * dT * 1.163;              \/\/ Wh (dla 100% sprawno\u015bci)\n        var th = v.p > 0 ? wh \/ v.p : 0;          \/\/ h\n        return [\n          { k: 'hero', cap: T.przew_czas, num: hm(th) },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.zuzyta, num: fmt(wh \/ 1000, 2) + ' kWh', sub: T.rozgrz_t }\n        ];\n      }\n    },\n    antoine: {\n      tab: 'kolumna', name: T.ant_name,\n      formula: T.ant_formula,\n      fields: [\n        { id: 'hpa', label: T.cisnienie, unit: 'hPa', val: 1013, step: 1 }\n      ],\n      compute: function (v) {\n        var mmHg = v.hpa * 0.7500617;\n        var t = 1642.89 \/ (8.20417 - log10(mmHg)) - 230.300;\n        var d = t - 78.3;\n        return [\n          { k: 'hero', cap: T.temp_wrz, num: fmt(t, 1) + ' \u00b0C' },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.odchylenie, num: (d >= 0 ? '+' : '') + fmt(d, 1) + ' \u00b0C', sub: T.odchylenie_t }\n        ];\n      }\n    },\n    kosztproc: {\n      tab: 'koszty', name: T.kp_name,\n      formula: T.kp_formula,\n      fields: [\n        { id: 'pr', label: T.moc_rozgrz, unit: 'W', val: 2000, step: 100 },\n        { id: 'tr', label: T.czas_rozgrz, unit: 'h', val: 1, step: 0.25 },\n        { id: 'pp', label: T.moc_proc, unit: 'W', val: 1500, step: 100 },\n        { id: 'tp', label: T.czas_proc, unit: 'h', val: 4, step: 0.25 },\n        { id: 'cena', label: T.cena_energii, unit: W.waluta + '\/kWh', val: W.kwh, step: 0.05 }\n      ],\n      compute: function (v) {\n        var kwh = (v.pr * v.tr + v.pp * v.tp) \/ 1000;\n        var koszt = kwh * v.cena;\n        return [\n          { k: 'hero', cap: T.koszt_en, num: fmt(koszt, 2) + ' ' + W.waluta },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.zuzyta, num: fmt(kwh, 2) + ' kWh' }\n        ];\n      }\n    },\n    kosztwytw: {\n      tab: 'koszty', name: T.kw_name,\n      formula: T.kw_formula,\n      fields: [\n        { id: 'cukier', label: T.ilosc_cukru, unit: 'kg', val: 6, step: 0.1 },\n        { id: 'cena', label: T.cena_cukru, unit: W.waluta + '\/kg', val: W.cukier, step: 0.1 },\n        { id: 'drozdze', label: T.koszt_drozdzy, unit: W.waluta, val: W.drozdze, step: 1 },\n        { id: 'prad', label: T.zuzycie_pradu, unit: 'kWh', val: 12, step: 0.5 },\n        { id: 'cenakwh', label: T.cena_energii, unit: W.waluta + '\/kWh', val: W.kwh, step: 0.05 },\n        { id: 'produkt', label: T.produkt, unit: 'l', val: 4, step: 0.1 }\n      ],\n      compute: function (v) {\n        var koszt = v.cukier * v.cena + v.drozdze + v.prad * v.cenakwh;\n        var kl = v.produkt > 0 ? koszt \/ v.produkt : 0;\n        return [\n          { k: 'hero', cap: T.koszt_l, num: fmt(kl, 2) + ' ' + W.waluta + '\/l', sub: tt(T.koszt_l_t, fmt(v.produkt, 1)) },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.koszt_calk, num: fmt(koszt, 2) + ' ' + W.waluta }\n        ];\n      }\n    },\n    korekta: {\n      tab: 'pomiar', name: T.kor_name,\n      formula: T.kor_formula,\n      fields: [\n        { id: 'odczyt', label: T.odczyt_alk, unit: T.proc_obj, val: 50, step: 0.1 },\n        { id: 'temp', label: T.temp_cieczy, unit: '\u00b0C', val: 25, step: 0.5 }\n      ],\n      compute: function (v) {\n        if (v.odczyt < 0 || v.odczyt > 100 || v.temp < -20 || v.temp > 40) {\n          return [{ k: 'plain', cap: T.uwaga, num: '-', sub: T.kor_blad }];\n        }\n        var target = etRho(qFromAbv(v.odczyt), 20);\n        var qTrue = qFromRhoAtT(target, v.temp);\n        var moc = abvFromQ(qTrue);\n        var d = moc - v.odczyt;\n        return [\n          { k: 'hero', cap: T.moc_rzecz, num: fmt(moc, 1) + ' %', sub: tt(T.odczyt_t, fmt(v.odczyt, 1), fmt(v.temp, 1)) },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.poprawka, num: (d >= 0 ? '+' : '') + fmt(d, 1) + ' ' + T.pp, sub: v.temp > 20 ? T.cieplejsza : (v.temp < 20 ? T.zimniejsza : T.wzorcowa) }\n        ];\n      }\n    },\n    blgtemp: {\n      tab: 'pomiar', name: T.bt_name,\n      formula: T.bt_formula,\n      fields: [\n        { id: 'odczyt', label: T.odczyt_cukr, unit: T.blg, val: 20, step: 0.1 },\n        { id: 'temp', label: T.temp_probki, unit: '\u00b0C', val: 25, step: 0.5 },\n        { id: 'kal', label: T.temp_wzorc, unit: '\u00b0C', val: 20, step: 0.5 }\n      ],\n      compute: function (v) {\n        if (v.temp < 0 || v.temp > 60) {\n          return [{ k: 'plain', cap: T.uwaga, num: '-', sub: T.bt_blad }];\n        }\n        var sg = sgFromPlato(v.odczyt);\n        var sgKor = sg * hydroF(c2f(v.temp)) \/ hydroF(c2f(v.kal));\n        var blg = platoFromSg(sgKor);\n        var d = blg - v.odczyt;\n        return [\n          { k: 'hero', cap: T.skoryg, num: fmt(blg, 1) + ' ' + T.blg, sub: tt(T.odczyt_blg_t, fmt(v.odczyt, 1), fmt(v.temp, 1)) },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.poprawka, num: (d >= 0 ? '+' : '') + fmt(d, 2) + ' ' + T.blg },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.sg, num: fmt(sgKor, 3), sub: tt(T.z_odczytu, fmt(sg, 3)) }\n        ];\n      }\n    },\n    skale: {\n      tab: 'pomiar', name: T.sk_name,\n      formula: T.sk_formula,\n      fields: [\n        { id: 'blg', label: T.stez_cukru, unit: T.blg_brix, val: 20, step: 0.1 }\n      ],\n      compute: function (v) {\n        if (v.blg < 0 || v.blg > 40) {\n          return [{ k: 'plain', cap: T.uwaga, num: '-', sub: T.sk_blad }];\n        }\n        var sg = sgFromPlato(v.blg);\n        var oe = (sg - 1) * 1000;\n        var kmw = (-4.54 + Math.sqrt(4.54 * 4.54 + 0.088 * oe)) \/ 0.044;\n        var nm = (oe - 10.8) \/ 3.845;\n        var be = 145 - 145 \/ sg;\n        return [\n          { k: 'hero', cap: '\u00b0Brix \/ \u00b0Plato', num: fmt(v.blg, 1) + ' \u00b0', sub: T.sk_brix_t },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: T.sg, num: fmt(sg, 3) },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: '\u00b0Oechsle', num: fmt(oe, 0) + ' \u00b0Oe', sub: T.sk_oe_t },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: '\u00b0KMW (Babo)', num: fmt(kmw, 1) + ' \u00b0', sub: T.sk_kmw_t },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: '\u00b0NM (mo\u0161tom\u011br)', num: nm > 0 ? fmt(nm, 1) + ' \u00b0' : '-', sub: T.sk_nm_t },\n          { k: 'plain', cap: '\u00b0Baum\u00e9', num: fmt(be, 1) + ' \u00b0B\u00e9', sub: T.sk_be_t }\n        ];\n      }\n    }\n  };\n\n  var ORDER = {\n    nastaw: ['blg', 'nastaw', 'wydajnosc'],\n    rozc: ['rozcien', 'miesz', 'wodka'],\n    pomiar: ['korekta', 'blgtemp', 'skale'],\n    kolumna: ['grzalka', 'kolumna', 'sprezynki', 'rozgrzew', 'antoine'],\n    koszty: ['kosztproc', 'kosztwytw']\n  };\n  var TAB_LABELS = { nastaw: T.tab_nastaw, rozc: T.tab_rozc, pomiar: T.tab_pomiar, kolumna: T.tab_kolumna, koszty: T.tab_koszty };\n  var TAB_KEYS = ['nastaw', 'rozc', 'pomiar', 'kolumna', 'koszty'];\n\n  \/\/ Filtr [only=\"...\"]: spoke pokazuje tylko wybrane kalkulatory, hub (puste) wszystkie.\n  var onlyRaw = (root.getAttribute('data-only') || '').split(',').map(function (s) { return s.trim(); }).filter(Boolean);\n  var allow = onlyRaw.length ? onlyRaw.filter(function (id) { return CALCS[id]; }) : null;\n\n  \/\/ Widoczne zak\u0142adki = tylko te, kt\u00f3re maj\u0105 dozwolone kalkulatory.\n  var TABSF = [];\n  TAB_KEYS.forEach(function (k) {\n    var ids = ORDER[k].filter(function (id) { return !allow || allow.indexOf(id) >= 0; });\n    if (ids.length) TABSF.push({ k: k, ids: ids });\n  });\n  if (!TABSF.length) { TABSF.push({ k: 'nastaw', ids: ['blg'] }); }\n\n  var S = { tab: TABSF[0].k, calc: TABSF[0].ids[0], vals: {} };\n\n  \/\/ Zainicjuj warto\u015bci domy\u015blne dla wszystkich kalkulator\u00f3w\n  Object.keys(CALCS).forEach(function (id) {\n    S.vals[id] = {};\n    CALCS[id].fields.forEach(function (f) { S.vals[id][f.id] = f.val; });\n  });\n\n  function tabIds(k) {\n    for (var i = 0; i < TABSF.length; i++) { if (TABSF[i].k === k) return TABSF[i].ids; }\n    return [];\n  }\n\n  function renderTabs() {\n    var bar = $('.tc-tabs');\n    if (TABSF.length <= 1) { bar.style.display = 'none'; bar.innerHTML = ''; return; }\n    bar.style.display = '';\n    bar.innerHTML = TABSF.map(function (t) {\n      return '<button class=\"tc-tab' + (t.k === S.tab ? ' is-active' : '') + '\" data-tab=\"' + t.k + '\" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"' + (t.k === S.tab) + '\">' + TAB_LABELS[t.k] + '<\/button>';\n    }).join('');\n  }\n\n  function renderSubnav() {\n    var ids = tabIds(S.tab), sn = $('#dc-subnav');\n    if (ids.length <= 1) { sn.style.display = 'none'; sn.innerHTML = ''; return; }\n    sn.style.display = '';\n    sn.innerHTML = ids.map(function (id) {\n      return '<button class=\"tc-pill' + (id === S.calc ? ' is-active' : '') + '\" data-calc=\"' + id + '\" role=\"tab\" aria-selected=\"' + (id === S.calc) + '\">' + CALCS[id].name + '<\/button>';\n    }).join('');\n  }\n\n  function renderPanel() {\n    var c = CALCS[S.calc], vals = S.vals[S.calc];\n    $('#dc-cap').textContent = c.name;\n    $('#dc-fields').innerHTML = c.fields.map(function (f) {\n      return '<div class=\"tc-field\"><label class=\"tc-lbl\" for=\"dc-' + f.id + '\">' + f.label + '<\/label>'\n        + '<div class=\"tc-inw\"><input id=\"dc-' + f.id + '\" type=\"number\" inputmode=\"decimal\" data-id=\"' + f.id + '\" value=\"' + vals[f.id] + '\" step=\"' + f.step + '\" min=\"0\"><span>' + f.unit + '<\/span><\/div><\/div>';\n    }).join('');\n    $('#dc-formula').innerHTML = c.formula;\n  }\n\n  function renderResults() {\n    var c = CALCS[S.calc];\n    var cards = c.compute(S.vals[S.calc]);\n    $('#dc-results').innerHTML = cards.map(function (card) {\n      var numCls = card.k === 'hero' ? 'tc-num' : 'tc-num tc-num--sm';\n      return '<div class=\"tc-card tc-card--' + card.k + '\"><div class=\"tc-cap\">' + card.cap + '<\/div>'\n        + '<div class=\"' + numCls + '\">' + card.num + '<\/div>'\n        + (card.sub ? '<div class=\"tc-sub\">' + card.sub + '<\/div>' : '') + '<\/div>';\n    }).join('');\n  }\n\n  function bindFields() {\n    $$('#dc-fields input').forEach(function (inp) {\n      inp.addEventListener('input', function () {\n        var val = parseFloat(inp.value);\n        S.vals[S.calc][inp.getAttribute('data-id')] = isFinite(val) ? val : 0;\n        renderResults();\n      });\n    });\n  }\n\n  function selectCalc(id) {\n    S.calc = id;\n    renderSubnav();\n    renderPanel();\n    bindFields();\n    renderResults();\n  }\n\n  function selectTab(tab) {\n    S.tab = tab;\n    renderTabs();\n    selectCalc(tabIds(tab)[0]);\n  }\n\n  $('.tc-tabs').addEventListener('click', function (e) {\n    var b = e.target.closest('.tc-tab');\n    if (b) selectTab(b.getAttribute('data-tab'));\n  });\n  $('#dc-subnav').addEventListener('click', function (e) {\n    var b = e.target.closest('.tc-pill');\n    if (b) selectCalc(b.getAttribute('data-calc'));\n  });\n\n  renderTabs();\n  selectCalc(S.calc);\n})();\n<\/script>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\n<h3>Jak\u00e9 pru\u017einky zvolit na prvn\u00ed destilaci?<\/h3>\n<p>Za\u010dn\u011bte s <strong>6\u00d76 mm<\/strong>. Je to velikost, kter\u00e1 se osv\u011bd\u010duje u v\u011bt\u0161iny kolon. Pokud budete cht\u00edt pozd\u011bji experimentovat, m\u016f\u017eete p\u0159ej\u00edt na 5\u00d75 mm (bl\u00ed\u017e rovnov\u00e1ze) nebo 8\u00d78 mm (rychlej\u0161\u00ed pr\u016ftok).<\/p>\n<h3>Mohu v jedn\u00e9 kolon\u011b sm\u00edchat r\u016fzn\u00e9 velikosti pru\u017einek?<\/h3>\n<p>Technicky ano, ale nedoporu\u010duje se to. R\u016fzn\u00e9 velikosti se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed jinak a vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed nestejnorod\u00e9 z\u00f3ny. Rektifikace bude nep\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e1. Pokud chcete zv\u00fd\u0161it \u00fa\u010dinnost, rad\u011bji zvy\u0161te hustotu pru\u017einek jedn\u00e9 velikosti.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d mi v sad\u011b chyb\u011bly pru\u017einky?<\/h3>\n<p>To se st\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010dasto. Na trhu jsou n\u011bkdy poddimenzovan\u00e9 nebo nep\u0159esn\u011b balen\u00e9 sady. Zjist\u011bte, kolik se do va\u0161\u00ed kolony skute\u010dn\u011b vejde (\u0159ekne v\u00e1m to kalkula\u010dka), a chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed dokupte u dodavatele.<\/p>\n<h3>Jak doplnit \u00fabytek pru\u017einek bez v\u00fdm\u011bny cel\u00e9 kolony?<\/h3>\n<p>Otev\u0159ete kolonu a chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed pru\u017einky dosypte. Nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 ji celou rozeb\u00edrat, pokud chcete navrch p\u0159idat jen n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek kus\u016f. Pokud ale chyb\u00ed hodn\u011b (&gt;20 %), je lep\u0161\u00ed v\u0161e vysypat, zkontrolovat, zda se nic nezhutnilo, a naplnit znovu.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Shrnut\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Po\u010det pru\u017einek v kolon\u011b je funkc\u00ed jej\u00edho objemu - spo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1te ho jednoduch\u00fdm vzorcem (V = \u03c0 \u00d7 r\u00b2 \u00d7 h) nebo na\u0161\u00ed kalkula\u010dkou. V praxi jde o 900-1000 pru\u017einek 6\u00d76 mm na litr.<\/p>\n<p>Doba oh\u0159evu obsahu kotle je druh\u00e1 v\u011bc, kterou mus\u00edte napl\u00e1novat. Teoreticky je to funkce objemu, rozd\u00edlu teplot a v\u00fdkonu topn\u00e9ho t\u011blesa, ale v praxi to v\u017edy trv\u00e1 o 20-30 % d\u00e9le kv\u016fli tepeln\u00fdm ztr\u00e1t\u00e1m. Pl\u00e1n destilace, kter\u00e1 za\u010dne po sn\u00eddani a destil\u00e1t m\u00e1 j\u00edmat p\u0159ed ob\u011bdem, je pl\u00e1n, kter\u00fd nevyjde.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud v\u00e1s zaj\u00edm\u00e1 automatick\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed teploty a \u010dasu, mohou v\u00e1m pomoci na\u0161e <a href=\"https:\/\/termometrwifi.com\/cs\/obchod\/\">regul\u00e1tory pro destilaci<\/a>. Umo\u017en\u00ed v\u00e1m nastavit parametry a sledovat proces bez neust\u00e1l\u00e9ho dohledu. To \u0161et\u0159\u00ed \u010das a sni\u017euje riziko chyby.<\/p>\n<p>Nezapome\u0148te ani na <a href=\"https:\/\/termometrwifi.com\/cs\/naklady-na-destilaci\/\">n\u00e1klady na energii<\/a> spojen\u00e9 s takov\u00fdm procesem. Del\u0161\u00ed destilace = vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed spot\u0159eba energie. Je to finan\u010dn\u00ed str\u00e1nka, kterou mnoho lid\u00ed v po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed f\u00e1zi pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9:<\/strong> Dom\u00e1c\u00ed destilace alkoholu podl\u00e9h\u00e1 v Polsku pr\u00e1vn\u00edm omezen\u00edm a regulov\u00e1na je i v mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch. Ujist\u011bte se, \u017ee va\u0161e \u010dinnost odpov\u00edd\u00e1 m\u00edstn\u00edm p\u0159edpis\u016fm a da\u0148ov\u00fdm po\u017eadavk\u016fm.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Viz tak\u00e9:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/termometrwifi.com\/cs\/kalkulacka-destilace\/\">v\u0161echny kalkula\u010dky pro destilaci<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/termometrwifi.com\/cs\/vykon-topneho-telesa-destilace\/\">v\u00fdkon topn\u00e9ho t\u011blesa a pracovn\u00ed v\u00fdkon kolony<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/termometrwifi.com\/cs\/naklady-na-destilaci\/\">n\u00e1klady na destilaci a na litr alkoholu<\/a>. Stabiln\u00ed v\u00fdkon b\u011bhem rektifikace udr\u017e\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/termometrwifi.com\/cs\/obchod\/\">WiFi regul\u00e1tory z obchodu<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><!--twf-faq:start--><\/p>\n<h2>Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\n<div class=\"twf-faq\">\n<h3>Jak p\u0159ipravit prizmatick\u00e9 pru\u017einky k destilaci?<\/h3>\n<p>Pru\u017einky se propl\u00e1chnou teplou vodou a pak se na 15-30 minut namo\u010d\u00ed do roztoku kyseliny citronov\u00e9 (1-2 %), aby se odstranily tuky a ne\u010distoty z v\u00fdroby. Po d\u016fkladn\u00e9m opl\u00e1chnut\u00ed \u010distou vodou se voln\u011b nasypou do kolony - bez p\u011bchov\u00e1n\u00ed, aby se nezmen\u0161ila kontaktn\u00ed plocha. Spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edprava v\u00fdpln\u011b se p\u0159\u00edmo prom\u00edt\u00e1 do \u00fa\u010dinnosti v\u00fdm\u011bny tepla v kolon\u011b.<\/p>\n<h3>Jak dlouho trv\u00e1 stabilizace rektifika\u010dn\u00ed kolony?<\/h3>\n<p>Stabilizace obvykle trv\u00e1 20-60 minut od spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Doba z\u00e1vis\u00ed na pr\u016fm\u011bru a v\u00fd\u0161ce kolony, druhu v\u00fdpln\u011b a topn\u00e9m v\u00fdkonu. Sign\u00e1lem tepeln\u00e9 rovnov\u00e1hy je ust\u00e1len\u00ed \u00fadaje \u010didla v hlav\u011b kolony. WiFi teplom\u011br s \u017eiv\u00fdm n\u00e1hledem umo\u017e\u0148uje tento okam\u017eik zachytit na d\u00e1lku, bez nutnosti za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed neust\u00e1le hl\u00eddat.<\/p>\n<h3>\u010c\u00edm nejl\u00e9pe naplnit destila\u010dn\u00ed kolonu?<\/h3>\n<p>Nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdpln\u011b jsou pru\u017einky SPP (ocelov\u00e9 nebo m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9), Raschigovy krou\u017eky (keramick\u00e9, sklen\u011bn\u00e9, m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9) a m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e1 dr\u00e1t\u011bnka\/vata. Pru\u017einky SPP nab\u00edzej\u00ed vysokou separa\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost (HETP asi 2-5 cm) p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00e9m odporu proud\u011bn\u00ed; m\u011b\u010f nav\u00edc v\u00e1\u017ee slou\u010deniny s\u00edry. Volba z\u00e1vis\u00ed na pr\u016fm\u011bru kolony a po\u017eadovan\u00e9m stupni d\u011blen\u00ed. P\u0159esn\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed teploty umo\u017e\u0148uje pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b sledovat pracovn\u00ed bod kolony.<\/p>\n<h3>Kolik m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdch pru\u017einek do kolony?<\/h3>\n<p>Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na objemu \u010d\u00e1sti kolony, kterou chcete naplnit: V = \u03c0\u00b7r\u00b2\u00b7h. Trubka 2 palce (asi 50 mm uvnit\u0159) pojme asi 2 l na metr a trubka 1,5 palce (asi 38 mm) asi 1,1 l na metr. Pru\u017einky se sypou voln\u011b po cel\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce v\u00fdpln\u011b. Hmotnost litru ud\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdrobce, proto\u017ee z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tlou\u0161\u0165ce dr\u00e1tu a pr\u016fm\u011bru spir\u00e1ly. M\u011b\u010f se \u010dasto kombinuje s nerezovou ocel\u00ed: m\u011b\u010f v\u00e1\u017ee slou\u010deniny s\u00edry a ocel je odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Zda v\u00fdpl\u0148 pracuje rovnom\u011brn\u011b, pozn\u00e1te podle stabiln\u00ed teploty na \u010didle DS18B20 v hlav\u011b kolony.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Jak p\u0159ipravit prizmatick\u00e9 pru\u017einky k destilaci?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Pru\u017einky se propl\u00e1chnou teplou vodou a pak se na 15-30 minut namo\u010d\u00ed do roztoku kyseliny citronov\u00e9 (1-2 %), aby se odstranily tuky a ne\u010distoty z v\u00fdroby. Po d\u016fkladn\u00e9m opl\u00e1chnut\u00ed \u010distou vodou se voln\u011b nasypou do kolony - bez p\u011bchov\u00e1n\u00ed, aby se nezmen\u0161ila kontaktn\u00ed plocha. Spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edprava v\u00fdpln\u011b se p\u0159\u00edmo prom\u00edt\u00e1 do \u00fa\u010dinnosti v\u00fdm\u011bny tepla v kolon\u011b.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Jak dlouho trv\u00e1 stabilizace rektifika\u010dn\u00ed kolony?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Stabilizace obvykle trv\u00e1 20-60 minut od spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Doba z\u00e1vis\u00ed na pr\u016fm\u011bru a v\u00fd\u0161ce kolony, druhu v\u00fdpln\u011b a topn\u00e9m v\u00fdkonu. Sign\u00e1lem tepeln\u00e9 rovnov\u00e1hy je ust\u00e1len\u00ed \u00fadaje \u010didla v hlav\u011b kolony. WiFi teplom\u011br s \u017eiv\u00fdm n\u00e1hledem umo\u017e\u0148uje tento okam\u017eik zachytit na d\u00e1lku, bez nutnosti za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed neust\u00e1le hl\u00eddat.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"\u010c\u00edm nejl\u00e9pe naplnit destila\u010dn\u00ed kolonu?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdpln\u011b jsou pru\u017einky SPP (ocelov\u00e9 nebo m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9), Raschigovy krou\u017eky (keramick\u00e9, sklen\u011bn\u00e9, m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9) a m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e1 dr\u00e1t\u011bnka\/vata. Pru\u017einky SPP nab\u00edzej\u00ed vysokou separa\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost (HETP asi 2-5 cm) p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00e9m odporu proud\u011bn\u00ed; m\u011b\u010f nav\u00edc v\u00e1\u017ee slou\u010deniny s\u00edry. Volba z\u00e1vis\u00ed na pr\u016fm\u011bru kolony a po\u017eadovan\u00e9m stupni d\u011blen\u00ed. P\u0159esn\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed teploty umo\u017e\u0148uje pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b sledovat pracovn\u00ed bod kolony.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Kolik m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdch pru\u017einek do kolony?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na objemu \u010d\u00e1sti kolony, kterou chcete naplnit: V = \u03c0\u00b7r\u00b2\u00b7h. Trubka 2 palce (asi 50 mm uvnit\u0159) pojme asi 2 l na metr a trubka 1,5 palce (asi 38 mm) asi 1,1 l na metr. Pru\u017einky se sypou voln\u011b po cel\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce v\u00fdpln\u011b. Hmotnost litru ud\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdrobce, proto\u017ee z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tlou\u0161\u0165ce dr\u00e1tu a pr\u016fm\u011bru spir\u00e1ly. M\u011b\u010f se \u010dasto kombinuje s nerezovou ocel\u00ed: m\u011b\u010f v\u00e1\u017ee slou\u010deniny s\u00edry a ocel je odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Zda v\u00fdpl\u0148 pracuje rovnom\u011brn\u011b, pozn\u00e1te podle stabiln\u00ed teploty na \u010didle DS18B20 v hlav\u011b kolony.\"}}]}<\/script><br \/>\n<!--twf-faq:end--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Spo\u010d\u00edtejte, kolik pru\u017einek (v\u00fdpln\u011b) se vejde do kolony a jak dlouho potrv\u00e1 oh\u0159ev obsahu kotle k varu. Kalkula\u010dky pro destila\u010dn\u00ed kolonu s p\u0159esn\u00fdm vzorcem \u010dasu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":566,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"kolik pru\u017einek do kolony","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Kolik pru\u017einek do kolony + doba oh\u0159evu - kalkula\u010dka","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Spo\u010d\u00edtejte, kolik pru\u017einek (v\u00fdpln\u011b) se vejde do kolony a jak dlouho potrv\u00e1 oh\u0159ev obsahu kotle k varu. 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